M136ID. 14. The Future of Porsche

 

 

Until the major failure of Porsches take-over of Volkswagen, porsche’s then chairman Wendelin Wiedeking was supposed to occupy the chairman’s position at both Porsche and Volkswagen, and one of his major goals was to make Volkswagen take a considerable amount of cost out of its future product.

However, it was Volkswagen which turned out victorious, and bought over Porsche. Now, with Ferdinand Piech as the chairman of Volkswagen AG’s supervisory board, and chief executive officer Martin Winterkorn, they have decided to further expand VW’s portfolio among the 9 brands it owns along with Porsche. And what they are looking for regarding Porsche’s future seems to clear – Porsche has to sell more cars.

Presently, Porsche sells about 75000 cars per annum. Instead of increasing model variants of its current portfolio, the new bossed are demanding several new Porsche models to enter production, in a short 3 year span. Thus, they are targeting a figure of 150,000 vehicles to be sold annually.

Here is Winterkorn’s take on Porsche’s product line: The slow, evolutionary steps of the 911 have been too small. The Cayenne, even in its second generation (due later this year), is still too heavy, thirsty, and not innovative enough. The Boxster and the Cayman don’t sell in great enough numbers, and the new Panamera is too big and heavy. Above all, the Panamera’s chassis is used only for a single model today, which is not as profitable as it could be.

What to do?

PLATFORM SHARING: Volkswagen is very well know for its ability to create unique character out of careful modifications to a single platform over the number of brands they own. The Audi TT and Golf are a classic example. . Their driving characteristics, packaging, design, equipment, and appeal are different enough that customers may not suspect that the two cars have a lot in common. The platform-sharing strategy has worked for the group’s volume brands: Audi, SEAT, Škoda, and Volkswagen. In the future, platform sharing will be applied among the group’s premium brands: Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, and Porsche.

1. BABY BOXSTER: The first planned step is the creation of a roadster to slot in under the Boxster. Ex-boss Wiedeking believed that a Porsche smaller than the Boxster might dilute the brand, but Winterkorn wants a Porsche-badged, small mid-engined roadster based on the two-seat VW BlueSport concept car shown last January at the Detroit auto show. When badged as a Volkswagen, a SEAT, or a Škoda, the production version of the roadster would have 120- and 200-hp gas engines. As a Porsche, the little roadster would have a twin-turbo four-cylinder making about 300 horsepower. There are rumors coming from VW’s Wolfsburg headquarters that suggest this new powerplant could be a horizontally opposed four-cylinder. Detuned, the new flat-four could also be used in Volkswagen cars such as the New Beetle’s replacement.
2. CAYENNE: This SUV’s 2017 replacement won’t retain the current model’s off-road capability and top speed of more than 160 mph. Instead, it will lose weight (while remaining the same size as today’s Cayenne) and get more fuel-efficient engines.
3. 911: Perhaps the most difficult question surrounds the future of the iconic Porsche two-door. Today, the 911 comes in 14 different flavors, but since the 911’s engine went water cooled in 1998, the changes between one generation and the next have been kept small to ensure the happiness of 911 loyalists. But Winterkorn’s intentions are now to change the 911 more extensively by implementing new technologies faster—just don’t expect the 911 exterior design to change dramatically. These new technologies will likely include the use of more lightweight components and more innovative engine and electronic technologies. For example, ultralight fiber-optic electrical architecture would shed pounds off the current car’s wiring harness, while a race-derived sequential gearbox would find its way into sporty versions (the 911 GT2 and GT3). Under VW’s guidance, the 911 could become a leader in innovative technology—and that’s what Porsche devotee Piëch wants to see.

*Reference – Car and Driver, by Juergen Zoellter – [Online] available from <http://www.caranddriver.com/news/volkswagen-begins-to-map-the-future-for-the-house-of-porsche-car-news,>

*Image – [Online] available from <http://www.themotorreport.com.au/49917/porsche-918-spyder-plug-in-hybrid-concept-revealed-ahead-of-geneva&gt;

M136ID. 13. Strengths and Weakness

Porsche may not be a large scale manufacturer, but still has a very large footprint for its sports cars, racing heritage and most importantly, an Automotive Icon. Porsche loyalists love and respect the brands purity in design, and unique character. This can be clearly seen with the slow and steady evolution of the 911 from the very beginning, rather than a revolution as seen in other manufacturers. The 911 is the only car that has been on sale for the past 4 decades and more. It may be a slow evolution of the model, but that is exactly what makes it a timeless machine, perfected in every minute detail with each generation.

Porsche also has a very strong influence and presence in the motor racing world. In fact, almost all cars that Porsche built are basically purpose-built racing machines. They have been victorious in almost all races they took part since the very beginning, especially in the Le Mans 24 hour races.

Even beyond Porsche fan base, Porsche enjoys a very premium image over the large public. Porsche is known throughout the world as a luxury car manufacturer.

At the same time, Porsche did take a radical step in manufacturing the Cayenne SUV. This car was a far cry from Porsche’s identity, and was immediately hated by Porsche loyalists. But if we look beyond Porsche’s image and identity, the Cayenne stayed true to Porsche’s DNA. It was the sportiest SUV ever, and drove more like a sports car, than a rugged mud plugger. This, indeed help Porsche a lot financially. The large sales of the Cayenne helped fund the Carrera GT concept, and that resulted in one of the best supercars of the decade. In addition, the sales of the Cayenne were so great that Porsche went on to become the most profitable car maker on earth.

In addition to all this, Porsche still makes the best handling roadster – The Boxter. This car has been constantly rated as the best handling car. The Cayman is a more upmarket Coupe version of the Boxter. They also make the 911 GT3, the most user friendly track day sports car. This car is what shows off what Porsche is capable of, and does best. Then there is the GT2, the more scary, and radical 2 wheel drive version of the 911 Turbo. Recently, they launched the Panamera – a 4 door fastback grand tourer. This car further enlarged Porsche’s market offerings. Though another radical step, the Panamera still stays true to Porsche DNA, and provides a very sporty and dynamic ride quality to 4 passengers. Thus, with a portfolio of all these great cars, Porsche truly is an iconic car manufacturer, with a very unique and identifiable image, character and attitude.

However, on the other scale, the recent relationship with Volkswagen has brought fear to Porsche enthusiasts. As VW group is very famous for sharing platforms with almost all their brands, there is a fear that Porsche will eventually lose its DNA, and uniqueness. This is still to be seen as the years progress, as there have been rumours of Porsches technology and platform to be used by other manufacturers. This includes a chance that the Panamera would provide underpinnings for an entry-level Bentley, a new Buggati sedan ans a super-premium Audi above the A8.

With the debut of the new 911 at Frankfurt, the upcoming launch of the 918 supercar hybrid, the rebirth of Porsche prototype racing and even the prospect of a new sub-Boxster 2-seater to complement an ever-widening product line, Porsche matters and will continue to do so for many years to come.

*Reference – Road and Track – [Online] available from <http://www.roadandtrack.com/column/porsche-matters>

M136ID. 12. Ownership. [Porsche and Volkswagen]

Porsche AG is owned by Porsche Automobil Holding SE “PORSCHE SE”. The company is basically owned by the Piech and Porsche families, along with The Qatar Investment Authority who holds a 10% share. The company is headquartered in Zuffenhausen. Through its investment in Porsche Zwichen holding GmbH, it owns 50.1% of Porsche AG, and 50.7% of Volkswagen AG.

The company was founded by Ferdinand Porsche in the year 1931 along with Porsche’s son-in-law Anton Piech, an Austrian Lawyer.

As a result of the present ownership structure, it can be said that Porsche is closely related to the Volkswagen brand, and all the companies that come under its ownership, such as Audi, Lamborghini, Seat, Skoda, Bentley etc.

However, unlike the brands that are directly owned by Volkswagen AG (where all brands share platforms to a certain extent) Porsche cars are more unique and have its own identity, character and image (except for the Cayenne SUV, which shares its platform with VW’s PL 7).

POSCHE AND VOLKSWAGEN MERGER [HOW IT ALL HAPPENED]:-

Porsche is renowned the world over not just for manufacturing iconic sports cars, but also for being a very profitable Car manufacturer. In the year 2008, Porsche made 6 times as much on the stock market as it did making cars. Thus it became one of the worlds most profitable company. Porsche maintained that its stock market trades were for one sole purpose – To take over Europe’s largest Car manufacturer, Volkswagen.

The real story

The names Porsche and Volkswagen have always been related to each other. Ferdinand Porsche designed the Volkswagen Beetle in the 1930’s. He then went on to start his own company, which went on to become famous as a Sports car Manufacturer. The Porsche family still owns the company, and now wanted to own Volkswagen itself, a company about 14 times the size of Porsche. Volkswagen is a giant, which owns major European Car brands such as Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini and Seat.

The recession of the early 1991’s hit Porsche really hard. It was a very bad time for Porsche, and their very own survival was at risk. It was then that Wendelin Wiedeking was appointed Chief executive. He is, along with the Chief finalcial officer Holger Haerter, widely credited for turning the companies fortunes around.

Wiedeking had taken extremely risky decisions, to come up with new models. They also had to slash production costs, and more importantly used Porsche’s cash to enter the financial markets. These factors proved crucial to Porsche reaching the stage to win its goal – to take over Volkswagen.

From the year 2005, Porsche began increasing its share in Volkswagen, and by September 2008, it had acquired 35.14% of Volkswagen. This was said to be done so, to win over the so-called VW Law. The law was brought into place to prevent a hostile takeover of Volkswagen. This meant that any company trying to buy Volkswagen needed atleast 80% majority of the shares. This gives the German state government of Lower Saxony a share of 20.1%, a blocking majority.

In October 2008, Porsche announced that it had increased its stake in VW to 42.6%, and held cash settled options on a further 31.5%, which meant that it had over 74.1% shares of Volkswagen.

Porsche built up its holdings by using cash settled options (These call options basically give the buyer the option to buy shares at a competitive price at a future fixed date). Porsche were able to make the most out of this.

*Reference -bbc.com by Emily Hughles – [Online] available from <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7843262.stm,>

* Image – [Online] available from <http://www.auto-types.com/autonews/volkswagen-buys-half-of-porsche-5742.html&gt;

M136ID. 11. The Panamera

The arrival of a new Porsche is a very special occasion. But the launch of the Panamera, the first 4-door saloon, is indeed a landmark event. Following the success of the Cayenne SUV, this is a new example of Porsche expanding its range beyond its core models such as the 911 and the boxter.

Porsche boldly claims that the Panamera is a cross between a sports coupe, a limousine and an estate. When it comes to appearance, the Panamera divides opinion like few other cars do. Majority of the people felt that the rear design was really bad, and so was the front nose. However, seeing the car in metal, a few people changed their minds after having a look at it in the flesh. It may not be a beautiful car, but its unusual dimensions and shape challenge the design conventions in a very positive way.

However negative the opinions may have been on the exterior, it is a different story on the inside. The Panamera has a very sensational interior. The centre console in particular, is a beacon of outstanding design, with two rows of thin, chrome buttons running vertically alongside a centrally positioned gear lever. The cars tall rear section provides whopping amounts of head room, much more than rivals such as the Aston Martin Rapide.

The Panamera’s cabin is indeed a place to hang out, no matter where you sit. Those in the back have access to the car’s optional rear seat entertaintment package, which consists of two 800×480-pixel, 7-inch TFT displays mounted in the rear of the front headrests, and a pair of wireless infrared headsets. Unlike many rear-seat entertainment set-ups, the system in the Panamera is controlled via touch, rather than an infrared remote control. This is great as it means there’s no need for passengers to share a remote and no chance of losing it under the seat.

The Porsche Panamera Turbo is a remarkable car for many reasons. It’s incredibly fast, offers a stonking audio system, and packs in a comprehensive array of cabin tech. It’s also brilliant to drive. Discard any misgivings about its exterior — this car proves beauty is only skin-deep.

*Reference – Reviews cnet by Charles Kloet – [Online] available from <http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/cars/porsche-panamera-turbo-review-50004124/,>

Auto Express – [Online] available from <http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/237370/porsche_panamera.html>

*Image – [Online] avaiable from <http://www.netcarshow.com/porsche/2010-panamera/1600×1200/wallpaper_1d.htm&gt;

M136ID. 10. The Cayenne

The last thing expected to come out from a respected car maker such as Porsche was a Super-Utility-Vehicle. However, that was exactly what happened in the year 2001, when Porsche unveiled the Cayenne. Porsche enthusiasts were enraged by the idea. It took a while for many to accept the very concept of a four door Porsche, let alone the fact that it was a truck!

And the reason for this decision by Porsche – was to Survive on its own. The Porsche Company almost died an economic death in the early 90s. At this time of desperation, the company got a new CEO, Wendelin Wiedeking. He saw that the world had changed and so should Porsche. He explained, “For Porsche to remain independent, it can’t be dependent on the most fickle segment in the market…We don’t want to become just a marketing department of some giant [automaker]…We have to make sure we’re profitable enough to pay for future development ourselves.”

In other  words, Porsche needed a new model, that would widen its appeal than what the 911 and Boxter were able to do. But the reason for deciding to make an SUV was the fact that SUV’s were hugely popular in the USA, which was Porsche’s largest market. Besides, 2 prestigious German car makers, BMW and Mercedes Benz were selling the X5 and the ML respectively with huge success.

It also turned out the majority of Porsche owners had at least 2 other cars with them, and one of them turned out to be an SUV. Clearly, Porsche knew what it was doing. If the Boxster had been a “bet-the-company miracle car,” the Cayenne was an astute hedge against the sports-car market’s inevitable next crunch. And a popular hedge it was.

Within a year of the U.S. launch, Business Week reported that strong Cayenne sales had helped Porsche pay down its debt to a modest $128 million and amass $2.1 billion in cash, this despite the SUV program costs. And Porsche’s net profit margin stood at 10.1 percent, tops in the industry. No wonder Business Week titled its story, “This SUV can tow an entire carmaker.”

The Cayenne was developed in collaboration with VW, who were making their first ever SUV, the Touareg. This was a sensible way to spread costs over two fairly low-volume products. The deal was announced in 1998.

The Cayenne was manufactured in a brand new plant in Leipzig, as there was no room to produce the SUV in its plant at Zuffenhausen.

And so the stage was set. The one remaining question was whether even a Porsche SUV could possibly deliver the performance, quality and excitement of Porsche’s sports cars. The answer to that is a resounding YES. The Cayenne went on to become a sales success, and changed Porsches financial condition. Porsche went on to become one of the most profitable car manufacturers.

At the same time, The Cayenne went on to be recognized as the most sporty and dynamic SUV on sale. It became famous for driving and handling like a sports car, and in Turbo form, proved to be almost as fast as a Carrera S through a track.

*Reference – How stuff Works [Online] – available from <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/porsche-cayenne-history.htm,>

*Image – [Online] available from <http://www.porsche.com/uk/models/cayenne/cayenne-turbo/gallery/>

M136ID. 9. The Carrera GT

The Carrera GT was revealed at the Geneva motor show in the year 2003. The Car was a final production version of the concept car revealed in the 2001 Paris Auto Salon. It was Porsche’s first supercar after the successful 959. It was, at its time on of the few cars that rivalled the Ferraro Enzo, along with the Mercedes McLaren SLR.

Unlike the iconic 911, the Carrera GT was a complete bottom up design. It’s styling was very different from Porsche’s current Portfolio, and thus helped it stand out as a truly amazing machine.

The project was heavily inspired by Porsche’s successful motorsport programme. After being victorious at the Le Mans in the years 1995 and 1997, Porsche revealed a new 5.5 litre V10, which though didn’t prove in the races, went on to star in the Carrera GT Concept car in 2001.

The Carrera GT featured many futuristic hallmarks derived from motor sport. It sported a carbon fibre chassis, dry sump lubrication, inboard suspension, and a mi-mounted engine that was engineered to sit as low as possible to the ground.

Porsche described the GT’s interior as pure function oriented than luxury oriented. It featured a cockpit free of un-necessary comfort features, and pushed focus to a sporty driving experience. It featured high tech materials such as carbon, magnesium and leather on most of the surfaces. The car also featured the 911 steering wheel, which didn’t follow the F1 trend to put as many function on the wheel as possible. This old-school approach provided a refreshing feeling as opposed to other offerings, contributing to the GT’s ambiance and ensuring it will remain a timeless design.

Through its design language alone, the Carrera GT expresses its truly outstanding performance as an uncompromising, no-nonsense supercar. The design of the Carrera GT shows a convincing resemblance in design to Porsche’s production cars, even providing a certain reminiscence of Porsche’s legendary racing cars.

The typical Porsche face with the front lid swept back like an arrow and the elevated wheel arches, for example, take up the design of Porsche’s legendary sports cars.

The mid-engine concept, finally, is clearly accentuated by the forward-moving cockpit and the long gap between the door and the rear axle.

*Reference – Supercars.net bye Richard Owen – [Online] available from <http://www.supercars.net/cars/2387.html,>

*Image – [Online] available from <http://cdn-www.rsportscars.com/foto/03/carreragt06_011600.jpg&gt;

M136ID. 8. The 959

The Porsche 959 was an evolution of the iconic 911. It went on to become one of the 81’s ultimate supercar, and can even be said to be one of the first ever supercars. It stands out for its superb technology platform which were well ahead of its time back then. It’s only rival at the time was another legend, the lightweight Ferrari F40, which also became an icon of the time.

During the 1980’s the 959 briefly held the title of being the world’s fastest street-legal production car. And it was beaten only marginally by the mighty Ferrari F40. However, the 959 was known to be far ahead of the Ferrari in terms of technology and equipment list, when the F40 was a bare basic light-weight super car.

The 959 was hailed as being the most technologically advanced road-going sports car oever built and it was one of the first high performance cars to use an all-wheel drive system, which itself was a technological marvel. The technology was so advanced and efficient, that it went on to star in almost all cars that Porsche manufactured since then.

The 959 was powered by a new 2.85 litre flat-6 engine derived from the famous “Moby Dick” race car. The cooling system of the 959 was a water-air-cooled hybrid where the cylinder heads were water cooled, and the engine block air-cooled. The engine produced 450BHP @ 6500rpm and 500Nm at 5500rpm.

The all-wheel drive system developed for the 959 is, even today regarded as one of the most sophisticated 4WD systems ever made, because it is the only one which can vary the front/rear torque split ratio under normal running conditions, while other designs can only reallocate when tire slip occurs.

Porsche used aerospace technology to manufacture the bodywork of the 959. The roof, fenders and the rear section were made of Kevlar, the front bumper from polyurethane and front bonnet and doors were made of Aluminium.

Porsche offered the 959 in two versions, the fully loaded “Komfort” and the lightened and less comfortable “Sport” version. Some speculations for offering in two version are that the 959 had some serious weight problems: even the lighter “Sport” version was measured 1,566 kg with a full tank of fuel when weighed by Auto, Motor und Sport. This corresponds to about 1,535 kg kerb weight meaning that even the sport version is nearly 200kg heavier than the factory specification of 1,350 kg. We assume that Porsche offered the Sport version to get at least 100kg closer to the figure “promised” in the official information.

In the “Sport” version the variable ride height and damping and all the luxury items like air-conditioning, power windows, central lock, the (useless) rear seats and even passenger side mirror were deleted. The electric leather seats were replaced by manually-adjustable sports seats.

*Reference – Deutschnine [Online] available from <http://www.deutschnine.com/porsche-supercars/history-of-the-porsche-959.php,>

* Image – [Online] available from <http://forums.mwerks.com/showthread.php?4790098&gt;

M136ID. 7. The 911

There is no other car in history, that have been able to sell in the same basic form for over 4 decades as the Porsche 911 have been able to. And it still remains a classic, as well as an iconic sports car till date, and still in production. The car was the brainchild of Ferdinand “Butzi” Porsche, and was designed in the year 1959. The car proved to be a capable machine on the track as well as tarmac.

After the success of the 356, Porsche wanted a more powerful, sporty, and expensive luxury car. The 911 got some of the 356’s styling features, but it also had a more modern look, a roomier interior and a six-cylinder engine with more power. The First 911 was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor show in the year 1963. It was originally named the 901, however, Peugeot earned the copyright to the name x0x, and thus, Porsche had to rename the car to 911, as it is known till date.

When it went on sale in 1965, it featured a 128-hp, air-cooled, rear-mounted engine, an innovation at the time that helped keep the weight more central and, thus, improved handling. As time went by, engines were improved but the shape remained largely untouched for the next 26 years.

From the very day it went on sale, in the year 1964, the 911 established itself as an Icon for its performance, sophistication and affluence, of athleticism and power. It has also been an incredibly successful racing car. The car took part in a number of racing events, and was incredible victorious in many occasions. The participation in races resulted in the development of legendary cars such as the RSR’s, the 935’s and the super iconic 959’s.

The 911’s design evolution over the decades has been incremental, or an improvement of perfection rather than a radical revolution. While many cars have been on sale for a long time, none have ever been able to retain such a singular personality.

*Reference – Askmen.com by Matthew Hussey – [Online]available from <http://uk.askmen.com/cars/galleries/porsche-911-history.html,>

Edmonds [Online} available from <http://www.edmunds.com/porsche/911/history.html,>

* Image [Online] available from <http://automobili.pl/2010/10/24/najstarsze-porsche-w-usa/&gt;

M136ID. 6. The 356

It all began during the war, when Ferdinand “Ferry” Porsche set out to develop a more sportier, and luxurious car as compared to the Bettle. They code named it “The 356”, and began development in their workshops in the town of Gmund.

The first design drawings were completed in July 1947. Professor Ferdinand Porsche, who had just returned from prison for war crimes in France, looked at the design and gave his valuable approval. It thus led to the manufacture of the first iconic Porsche car ever. It began with a small series of 52 cars being produced.

The car was the brain child of Ferry Porsche (son of the famous Ferdinand Porsche). He designed the first project 356 car – the 356-001. The car had a tubular chassis, a 1100cc engine, and was very light weight, and thus a quick car for its time.

The body was designed by Irwin Komenda, who was an Austrian born designer, who contributed substantially to the Volkswagen, and Auto union race cars of the day. Though the car changed from a mid-engined layout to a rear engined one, the tubular chassis gave way to a unitized pan and body construction, and a myriad of details evolved over the22 year run of the model, the overall design and instantly recognizable shape of the car remained the same – a timeless classic.

The original 356-001 car took part in races, achieving victory in the 1100cc class.

*Reference – Porsche 356.co.uk [online] available from <http://www.porsche356.co.uk/a105.html,>

* Image – [Online] available from <http://www.articlearn.com/porsche-356-sports-car/&gt;

M136ID. 5. KEY CARS

KEY PORSCHES:-

The official “date of birth” for the first Porsche is considered being June 8, 1948. Number one, a two-seat 356 with a 1.1 litre centre engine, 40 HP weighing 650 kg. The following 50 speciemens of the so-called 356/2 were hand built in Gmünd/Kärnten (Austria). These cars almost resembled the classic 356 and are today, if at all to be found, almost priceless.

In late 1949 the Reutter company in Stuttgart (Germany) are given the assignment to build 500 body works for an adjusted model of the 356. This became the classic 356. With a 1.1 litre engine and 40 HP, it reached because of the good aerodynamics a speed of 140 kph, and was sold at a price of DM 12.000. At that time Ferry Porsche thought that it was impossible to sell more than 500 cars, a more than pleasant mistake. On March 15, 1954 car no 5.000 left the factory.

In 1953 the famous Porsche label badge is seen for the first time. In April 1965 the last Porsche 356 leaves the assembly line after 17 years of production. All in all 81.003 Porsche 356 were built together with about 1.194 in various Carrera versions.

1959 saw the beginning of the development of a new Porsche. On September 12, 1963, a new generation Porsche designed by “Butzi” Porsche, a prototype called 901 was introduced at the IAA. Not until August 1964 did it become possible to deliver the first 901 (911) to customers. In late fall of 1964 the French car producer Peugeot objects to the name 901 because the combination of three – with a zero in the middle – was patented. Porsche responded right away, changing the name to 911 and offered the car to the German and international markets at a price of DM 21.900.

The 911 was “born” in the year (1963) its look still survives. It became one of the biggest sports cars in the world and is – together with the 356 – the foundation of the success Porsche has had so far.

Then came along the Iconic 959, 944, 914 etc. And then we saw the amazing Carrera GT supercar, which was the next most amazing car Porsche released after the 959. And recently, Porsche took a radical step and produced the Cayenne SUV, which though brought a lot of from Porsche enthusiasts, became a sales success, and established Porsche as one of the most profitable car manufacturers. Finally, came the Panamera 4-door saloon, which again for Porsche was a landmark event.

*Reference – Dennig cars.com [Online] available from <http://www.dennigcars.com/history_of_porsche.htm&gt;

* Image – European car.web [Online] available from <http://www.europeancarweb.com/news/epcp_1102_porsche_boxster_s_black_edition/photo_04.html&gt;